Índice de masa triponderal y marcadores de riesgo metabólico en niños y adolescentes con obesidad / Triponderal mass index and markers of metabolic risk in children and adolescents with obesity

Antecedentes y objetivo El índice de masa triponderal (IMT) estimaría mejor que el índice de masa corporal (IMC) el exceso de adiposidad, manteniendo valores estables durante la infancia. Este trabajo pretende determinar la correlación del IMT con marcadores de riesgo metabólico y establecer valores del IMT que se relacionen con un aumento del riesgo metabólico. Material y métodos Estudio multicéntrico, observacional, transversal y prospectivo en menores de 14 años con obesidad. Variables: edad, sexo, estadio puberal, peso, talla, perímetro abdominal, IMC, IMT, glucosa e insulina basales, índice HOMA, presión arterial, perfil lipoproteico, transaminasas y ácido úrico. El IMC y el IMT se expresaron según los valores del estudio longitudinal de Barcelona. Se realizó análisis estadístico con el programa SPSS*. Resultados Se incluyeron 199 pacientes (50,3% varones), con una edad media de 11,08 (2,48) años e IMT de 19,68 (2,36) kg/m3. Se observó correlación del IMT con el perímetro abdominal (r = 0,571; p = 0), la insulina (r = 0,198; p = 0,005), el índice HOMA (r = 0,189; p = 0,008) y el c-HDL (r = −0,188; p = 0,008). El IMT > 20,15 kg/m3 se asoció a insulina ≥ 15 mUI/ml (p = 0,029) y el IMT > 20,36 kg/m3 a c-HDL < 40 mg/dl (p = 0,023). Conclusiones El IMT se correlacionó con el incremento del perímetro abdominal, la insulina y el índice HOMA, y la disminución del c-HDL. El IMT > 20 kg/m3 puede asociarse a elevación de la insulina y a descenso del c-HDL. Por ello, el IMT parece ser un parámetro útil en la valoración de los pacientes pediátricos con obesidad (AU)Background and objective

Triponderal mass index (TMI) would estimate excess adiposity better than body mass index (BMI), maintaining stable values during childhood. This work aims to determine the correlation between TMI and markers of metabolic risk as well as set values of TMI that are related to an increase of metabolic risk. Material and methods Multicenter, observational, cross-sectional and prospective study in children under 14 years of age with obesity. Variables: age, sex, pubertal stage, weight, height, abdominal circumference, BMI, TMI, basal glucose and insulin, HOMA index, blood pressure, lipoprotein profile, transaminases and uric acid. BMI and TMI were expressed according to the values of the Barcelona longitudinal study. Statistical analysis was performed with the SPSS* program. Results One hundred and ninety-nine patients (50.3% male), age 11.08 (2.48) years, TMI 19.68 (2.36) kg/m3. Correlation between TMI and abdominal circumference (r = 0.571; p = 0), insulin (r = 0.198; p = 0.005), HOMA index (r = 0.189; p = 0.008) and HDL-c (r = −0.188; p = 0.008) was observed. IMT > 20.15 kg/m3 was associated with insulin ≥ 15 mIU/ml (p = 0.029) and IMT > 20.36 kg/m3 with HDL-c < 40 mg/dl (p = 0.023). Conclusions TMI was correlated with increase of abdominal circumference, insulin and HOMA index and decrease of HDL-c. IMT > 20 kg/m3 can be associated with increased insulin and decreased HDL-c. Therefore, the IMT seems to be a useful parameter in the assessment of pediatric patients with obesity (AU)

[Triponderal mass index and markers of metabolic risk in children and adolescents with obesity]. / Índice de masa triponderal y marcadores de riesgo metabólico en niños y adolescentes con obesidad.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Triponderal mass index (TMI) would estimate excess adiposity better than body mass index (BMI), maintaining stable values during childhood. This work aims to determine the correlation between TMI and markers of metabolic risk as well as set values of TMI that are related to an increase of metabolic risk. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Multicenter, observational, cross-sectional and prospective study in children under 14 years of age with obesity. VARIABLES: age, sex, pubertal stage, weight, height, abdominal circumference, BMI, TMI, basal glucose and insulin, HOMA index, blood pressure, lipoprotein profile, transaminases and uric acid. BMI and TMI were expressed according to the values of the Barcelona longitudinal study. Statistical analysis was performed with the SPSS* program. RESULTS: One hundred and ninety-nine patients (50.3% male), age 11.08 (2.48) years, TMI 19.68 (2.36)kg/m3. Correlation between TMI and abdominal circumference (r=0.571; p=0), insulin (r=0.198; p=0.005), HOMA index (r=0.189; p=0.008) and HDL-c (r=-0.188; p=0.008) was observed. IMT>20.15kg/m3 was associated with insulin≥15mIU/ml (p=0.029) and IMT>20.36kg/m3 with HDL-c<40mg/dl (p=0.023). CONCLUSIONS: TMI was correlated with increase of abdominal circumference, insulin and HOMA index and decrease of HDL-c. IMT>20kg/m3 can be associated with increased insulin and decreased HDL-c. Therefore, the IMT seems to be a useful parameter in the assessment of pediatric patients with obesity.

Functional capacity, bone mineral density and neoformation-resorption bone markers in patients under 18 years of age with reduced mobility. / Capacidad funcional, densidad mineral ósea y marcadores de neoformación-reabsorción ósea en pacientes menores de 18 años con movilidad reducida.

INTRODUCTION: Prolonged immobilization associated with several neurological disorders causes se condary osteoporosis with pathological fractures and persistent bone pain. OBJECTIVES: To establish the association between bone mineral density (BMD), neoformation and bone resorption markers and the degree of functional capacity in children under 18 years of age with reduced mobility. Pa tients and Method: Cross-sectional study conducted in Ciudad Real, Spain between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2017 with patients aged between 6 and 18 years diagnosed with different neuro logical disorders. The following variables were analyzed: age, sex, pubertal stage, functional capacity according to the Functional Mobility Scale (FMS), which assesses the ability to walk from 5, 50 to 500 meters, BMD, 25-hydroxy-vitamin D, alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin in blood, and N-terminal telopeptide crosslinks in collagen type I (NTX-I) in urine. BMD, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and NTX-I values are expressed in Z score according to reference values for age and sex. The Pear son and Spearman correlations were used for data analysis. RESULTS: 36 patients (52.7% girls) with an average age of 8.6±4.7 years. Mean FMS value: 5.3 out of 18. Mean BMD: -1.99 ± 1.7 standard deviations (SD), mean alkaline phosphatase: -2.64 ± 1.08, mean osteocalcin: -2.15 ± 1.39, and mean NTX-I: +3 ± 1.72. There was a significant association between BMD and FMS for 5 meters (r = 0.395; p = 0.017) and for total score (r = 0.365; p = 0.029). There were no significant differences according to the stages of pubertal development. CONCLUSIONS: In this population, there was a decrease in BMD and bone neoformation markers, and an increase of bone resorption markers with no association with pubertal development. Patients with a lower degree of mobility present a lower BMD.

Capacidad funcional, densidad mineral ósea y marcadores de neoformación-reabsorción ósea en pacientes menores de 18 años con movilidad reducida / Functional capacity, bone mineral density and neoformation-resorption bone markers in patients under 18 years of age with reduced mobility

Resumen: Introducción: La inmovilización prolongada asociada a diversas enfermedades neurológicas, causa osteoporosis secundaria con fracturas patológicas y dolor óseo persistente. Objetivos: Establecer la asociación entre densidad mineral ósea (DMO), marcadores de neoformación y reabsorción ósea y grado de capacidad funcional en pacientes menores de 18 años con movilidad reducida. Pacientes y Método: Estudio transversal, realizado entre 1/1/2016 y 31/12/2017 en pacientes de 6 a 18 años diagnosticados de distintas enfermedades neurológicas en Ciudad Real (España). Se analizaron las variables biodemográficas, capacidad funcional según la Functional Mobility Scale (FMS), que valora la movilidad en 5, 50 y 500 metros, DMO, 25-hidroxi-vitamina D, fosfatasa alcalina, osteocalcina en sangre y telopéptido amino terminal de cadena cruzada de colágeno tipo I en orina (NTX-I). Se expresan DMO, fosfatasa alcalina, osteocalcina y NTX-I en Z score según valores de referencia para edad y sexo. Se utilizaron estadísticas descriptivas y correlaciones de Pearson y Spearman. Resulta dos: 36 pacientes (52,7% niñas), edad media de 8,6 ± 4,7 años. Valor medio de FMS: 5,3 sobre 18. DMO media: -1,99 ± 1,7 desviaciones estándar (DE), fosfatasa alcalina media: -2,64 ± 1,08, osteocalcina media: -2,15 ± 1,39, y NTX-I medio: +3 ± 1,72. Hubo asociación significativa entre DMO y FMS para 5 metros (r = 0,395; p = 0,017) y para la puntuación total (r = 0,365; p = 0,029). No se encon traron diferencias significativas según estadios de desarrollo puberal. Conclusiones: En la población estudiada se observa disminución en la DMO y en marcadores de neoformación ósea y elevación de marcadores de reabsorción ósea sin asociación con el desarrollo puberal. Los pacientes con menor grado de movilidad presentan una DMO inferior.

Abstract: Introduction: Prolonged immobilization associated with several neurological disorders causes se condary osteoporosis with pathological fractures and persistent bone pain. Objectives: To establish the association between bone mineral density (BMD), neoformation and bone resorption markers and the degree of functional capacity in children under 18 years of age with reduced mobility. Pa tients and Method: Cross-sectional study conducted in Ciudad Real, Spain between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2017 with patients aged between 6 and 18 years diagnosed with different neurological disorders. The following variables were analyzed: age, sex, pubertal stage, functional capacity according to the Functional Mobility Scale (FMS), which assesses the ability to walk from 5, 50 to 500 meters, BMD, 25-hydroxy-vitamin D, alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin in blood, and N-terminal telopeptide crosslinks in collagen type I (NTX-I) in urine. BMD, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and NTX-I values are expressed in Z score according to reference values for age and sex. The Pear son and Spearman correlations were used for data analysis. Results: 36 patients (52.7% girls) with an average age of 8.6±4.7 years. Mean FMS value: 5.3 out of 18. Mean BMD: -1.99 ± 1.7 standard deviations (SD), mean alkaline phosphatase: -2.64 ± 1.08, mean osteocalcin: -2.15 ± 1.39, and mean NTX-I: +3 ± 1.72. There was a significant association between BMD and FMS for 5 meters (r = 0.395; p = 0.017) and for total score (r = 0.365; p = 0.029). There were no significant differences according to the stages of pubertal development. Conclusions: In this population, there was a decrease in BMD and bone neoformation markers, and an increase of bone resorption markers with no association with pubertal development. Patients with a lower degree of mobility present a lower BMD.

Adherencia al tratamiento con somatotropina administrada con dispositivo electrónico / Adherence to somatotropin treatment administered with an electronic device

Introducción: La adherencia al tratamiento con somatotropina se relaciona con el aumento de la velocidad de crecimiento y la mejora de la talla adulta. El objeto de este estudio es conocer la adherencia de pacientes en tratamiento con dispositivo electrónico y determinar la relación con diferentes variables (edad, sexo, duración del tratamiento, diagnóstico, talla y velocidad de crecimiento). Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, longitudinal y retrospectivo de menores de 14 años de la consulta de Endocrinología Pediátrica del Hospital General Universitario de Ciudad Real, en tratamiento con somatotropina administrada con el dispositivo electrónico Easypod(R). Se realiza seguimiento de la adherencia durante 12 meses. Se define adherencia según la fórmula: (días administrados a la dosis prescrita/días prescritos)×100. El análisis de los datos se realizó con el software SPSS. Resultados: Se recogió a 30 pacientes: predominio varones (57%), edad media 6,09 años, menores de 5 años el 51%. Las causas más frecuentes de tratamiento: pequeño para la edad gestacional (55%) y déficit de hormona de crecimiento (38%). Tiempo medio de tratamiento 4,3 años (3,6-5). Se evidenció una adherencia media del 92,3% (87,7-96,9), observándose una correlación significativa con la edad (R de Pearson = -0,384; p = 0,03) y la duración del tratamiento (R de Pearson = -0,537; p = 0,003). Conclusiones: La adherencia en nuestros pacientes con dispositivo electrónico es alta (92,3%), relacionándose inversamente con la edad y la duración del tratamiento. El uso de dispositivos electrónicos permite un seguimiento del cumplimiento terapéutico, lo que repercute en la optimización del tratamiento

Introduction: Adherence to somatotropin treatment is associated with increased growth velocity and improved adult height. The purpose of this study is to determine the adherence of patients undergoing treatment with an electronic device and its relationship with different variables (age, gender, duration of treatment, diagnosis, height, and growth rate). Material and methods: Descriptive, longitudinal and retrospective study of children less than 14 years of age undergoing treatment with somatotropin administered with the Easypod(R) electronic device in the Paediatric Endocrinology Outpatient Clinic of the General University Hospital of Ciudad Real, Spain. Adherence was monitored for 12 months and was defined according to the equation: (days administered at the prescribed dose / prescribed days)×100. The data analysis was performed using SPSS software. Results: Data were collected from 30 patients, with a predominance of males (57%), a mean age of 6.09 years, with 51% of children less than 5 years old. The most common reasons for the treatment were: small for gestational age (55%) and growth hormone deficiency (38%). The mean duration of treatment was 4.3 years (3.6-5). A mean adherence of 92.3% (87.7-96.9) was observed, and there was a significant correlation with age (Pearson R = -0.384, P=.03), and duration of treatment (Pearson R = -0.537; P=.003). Conclusions: The adherence in our patients with electronic device is high (92.3%), and is inversely associated with age and duration. The use of electronic devices allows monitoring of therapeutic compliance, which affects the optimisation of treatment

Estudio colaborativo español: descripción de la práctica clínica habitual en obesidad infantil / Spanish collaborative study: Description of usual clinical practice in infant obesity

Introducción: La obesidad infantil es un problema de salud de alta prevalencia. Aunque existen guías clínicas para su manejo, la variabilidad en su abordaje clínico es un hecho. El objetivo de este estudio es describir la práctica clínica habitual en unidades de Endocrinología Pediátrica y evaluar su adecuación a la guía recomendada. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, transversal y descriptivo mediante encuesta a endocrinólogos infantiles de la Sociedad Española de Endocrinología Pediátrica. Las preguntas fueron formuladas en base a las recomendaciones de la «Guía de Práctica Clínica sobre la Prevención y el Tratamiento de la Obesidad Infantojuvenil» del Ministerio de Sanidad español. Resultados: Se obtuvieron 125 encuestas de todas la Comunidades Autónomas. Se observó variabilidad en el número de pacientes atendidos al mes y en la frecuencia de las visitas. El 70% de los encuestados no dispone de un nutricionista ni de psicólogo o psiquiatra al que derivar a los pacientes. En el tratamiento, las medidas dietéticas son las más empleadas; un 69% nunca ha prescrito fármacos para perder peso. De los que prescriben, el 52,6% no utilizan el consentimiento informado como paso previo a su empleo. Conclusiones: Pocos centros cumplen las recomendaciones de la Guía de Práctica Clínica sobre la Prevención y el Tratamiento de la Obesidad Infantil en un plan de calidad establecido. La práctica clínica difiere mucho entre los endocrinólogos pediátricos encuestados, sin existir protocolos unificados de actuación, y con escasa disponibilidad de recursos para el tratamiento integral que precisa esta enfermedad

Introduction: Childhood obesity is a high prevalence health problem. Although there are clinical guidelines for its management, there is variability in its clinical approach. The aim of this study is to describe the usual clinical practice in Paediatric Endocrinology Units in Spain and to evaluate if it resembles the recommended guidelines. Material and methods: An observational, cross-sectional and descriptive study was carried out by means of a questionnaire sent to paediatric endocrinologists of the Spanish Society of Paediatric Endocrinology. The questions were formulated based on the recommendations of "Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Prevention and Treatment of Childhood Obesity" issued by the Spanish Ministry of Health. Results: A total of 125 completed questionnaires were obtained from all Autonomous Communities. Variability was observed both in the number of patients attended and in the frequency of the visits. The majority (70%) of the paediatricians who responded did not have a dietitian, psychologist or psychiatrist, in their centre to share the treatment for obese children. As regards treatment, dietary advice is the most used, and 69% have never prescribed weight-loss drugs. Of those who have prescribed them, 52.6% did not use informed consent as a prior step to them being used. Conclusions: There are few centres that comply with the recommendations of the clinical practice guidelines on prevention and treatment of childhood obesity as an established quality plan. Clinical practice differs widely among the paediatric endocrinologists surveyed. There are no uniform protocols of action, and in general there is limited availability of resources for the multidisciplinary treatment required by this condition

Adherence to somatotropin treatment administered with an electronic device. / Adherencia al tratamiento con somatotropina administrada con dispositivo electrónico.

INTRODUCTION: Adherence to somatotropin treatment is associated with increased growth velocity and improved adult height. The purpose of this study is to determine the adherence of patients undergoing treatment with an electronic device and its relationship with different variables (age, gender, duration of treatment, diagnosis, height, and growth rate). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Descriptive, longitudinal and retrospective study of children less than 14 years of age undergoing treatment with somatotropin administered with the Easypod® electronic device in the Paediatric Endocrinology Outpatient Clinic of the General University Hospital of Ciudad Real, Spain. Adherence was monitored for 12 months and was defined according to the equation: (days administered at the prescribed dose / prescribed days)×100. The data analysis was performed using SPSS software. RESULTS: Data were collected from 30 patients, with a predominance of males (57%), a mean age of 6.09 years, with 51% of children less than 5 years old. The most common reasons for the treatment were: small for gestational age (55%) and growth hormone deficiency (38%). The mean duration of treatment was 4.3 years (3.6-5). A mean adherence of 92.3% (87.7-96.9) was observed, and there was a significant correlation with age (Pearson R = -0.384, P=.03), and duration of treatment (Pearson R = -0.537; P=.003). CONCLUSIONS: The adherence in our patients with electronic device is high (92.3%), and is inversely associated with age and duration. The use of electronic devices allows monitoring of therapeutic compliance, which affects the optimisation of treatment.

[Spanish collaborative study: Description of usual clinical practice in infant obesity]. / Estudio colaborativo español: descripción de la práctica clínica habitual en obesidad infantil.

INTRODUCTION: Childhood obesity is a high prevalence health problem. Although there are clinical guidelines for its management, there is variability in its clinical approach. The aim of this study is to describe the usual clinical practice in Paediatric Endocrinology Units in Spain and to evaluate if it resembles the recommended guidelines. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An observational, cross-sectional and descriptive study was carried out by means of a questionnaire sent to paediatric endocrinologists of the Spanish Society of Paediatric Endocrinology. The questions were formulated based on the recommendations of "Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Prevention and Treatment of Childhood Obesity" issued by the Spanish Ministry of Health. RESULTS: A total of 125 completed questionnaires were obtained from all Autonomous Communities. Variability was observed both in the number of patients attended and in the frequency of the visits. The majority (70%) of the paediatricians who responded did not have a dietitian, psychologist or psychiatrist, in their centre to share the treatment for obese children. As regards treatment, dietary advice is the most used, and 69% have never prescribed weight-loss drugs. Of those who have prescribed them, 52.6% did not use informed consent as a prior step to them being used. CONCLUSIONS: There are few centres that comply with the recommendations of the clinical practice guidelines on prevention and treatment of childhood obesity as an established quality plan. Clinical practice differs widely among the paediatric endocrinologists surveyed. There are no uniform protocols of action, and in general there is limited availability of resources for the multidisciplinary treatment required by this condition.

Alteraciones lipídicas y su relación con los niveles de vitamina D en menores de 18 años con diabetes tipo 1 / Lipid changes and their relationship with vitamin D levels in children under 18 years with type 1 diabetes

Objetivo: Analizar en menores de 18 años con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1) las alteraciones lipídicas y su relación con los niveles de 25 hidroxi vitamina D3 (25-OH-D). Material y métodos: Estudio transversal y descriptivo. Se incluyen menores de 18 años con DM1 mediante un muestreo no aleatorizado consecutivo. Determinaciones: sexo, edad, estadio puberal, tiempo de evolución de la DM1, peso, talla, índice de masa corporal, perímetro abdominal, hemoglobina glucosilada (HbA1c) 25-OH-D, colesterol total, LDL-colesterol, HDL-colesterol y triglicéridos (TG). Se estratifican los resultados para sexo, edad y estadio puberal. Se analizan los datos con el programa SPSS®. Resultados: Se recogen 90 pacientes: edad media de 11,7 ± 3,6 años, predominio masculino (51,1%) y HbA1c media de 7,5 ± 1,3%. El 26,6% presentan 25-OH-D < 20 ng/ml y el 13,3% 25-OH-D ≤ 15 ng/ml. No se observan diferencias en la 25-OH-D en pacientes con sobrepeso-obesidad respecto al resto. El 1,1% presentan HDL-colesterol < 40 ng/ml, el 34,4% LDL-colesterol ≥ 100 mg/dl y el 2,2% TG ≥ 150 mg/dl. Los pacientes con 25-OH-D < 20 ng/ml presentan valores superiores de TG que el resto (76,80 ± 45,62 vs 57,55 ± 26,08; p = 0,04) en el análisis multivariante para índice de masa corporal, perímetro abdominal y HbA1c. Se observa correlación entre los niveles de 25-OH-D y los TG (–0,230; p = 0,029). Conclusión: En nuestra población los pacientes con insuficiencia de vitamina D muestran valores de TG superiores. Debe realizarse un seguimiento a largo plazo para conocer las repercusiones sobre las complicaciones relacionadas con la diabetes (AU)

Objective: To analyze lipid changes and their relationship with 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 (25-OH-D) levels in patients under 18 years old with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Material and methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive study. Patients under 18 years with T1DM were enrolled by consecutive, nonrandomized sampling. Data collected included sex, age, pubertal stage, time since T1DM onset, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), 25-OH-D, total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides (TG). Results were stratified by sex, age, and pubertal stage. Data were analyzed using SPSS®. Results: Ninety patients with a mean age of 11.7 ± 3.6 years (51.1% males) and mean HbA1c levels of 7.5 ± 1.3% were enrolled. Of these, 26.6% had 25-OH-D levels < 20 ng/mL and 13.3% 25-OH-D levels ≤ 15 ng/mL. No differences were found in 25-OH-D between patients with overweight or obesity and the rest. HDL-C levels < 40 ng/mL were found in 1.1%, 34.4% had LDL-C levels ≥ 100 mg/dL, and 2.2% had TG levels ≥ 150 mg/dL. Patients with 25-OH-D < 20 ng/mL had higher TG levels than the rest (76.80 ± 45.62 vs 57.55 ± 26.08; P = .04) in the multivariate analysis controlled for BMI, waist circumference, and HbA1c. A correlation was found between 25-OH-D and TG levels (-0.230;P = .029). Conclusions: Patients in our population with vitamin D deficiency had higher TG levels. Long-term follow-up should be performed to understand the potential impact of such levels on diabetes-related complications (AU)

Lipid changes and their relationship with vitamin D levels in children under 18 years with type 1 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze lipid changes and their relationship with 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 (25-OH-D) levels in patients under 18 years old with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional, descriptive study. Patients under 18 years with T1DM were enrolled by consecutive, nonrandomized sampling. Data collected included sex, age, pubertal stage, time since T1DM onset, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), 25-OH-D, total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides (TG). Results were stratified by sex, age, and pubertal stage. Data were analyzed using SPSS(®). RESULTS: Ninety patients with a mean age of 11.7 ± 3.6 years (51.1% males) and mean HbA1c levels of 7.5 ± 1.3% were enrolled. Of these, 26.6% had 25-OH-D levels<20 ng/mL and 13.3% 25-OH-D levels ≤ 15 ng/mL. No differences were found in 25-OH-D between patients with overweight or obesity and the rest. HDL-C levels<40 ng/mL were found in 1.1%, 34.4% had LDL-C levels ≥ 100 mg/dL, and 2.2% had TG levels ≥ 150 mg/dL. Patients with 25-OH-D<20 ng/mL had higher TG levels than the rest (76.80 ± 45.62 vs 57.55 ± 26.08; P=.04) in the multivariate analysis controlled for BMI, waist circumference, and HbA1c. A correlation was found between 25-OH-D and TG levels (-0.230; P=.029). CONCLUSIONS: Patients in our population with vitamin D deficiency had higher TG levels. Long-term follow-up should be performed to understand the potential impact of such levels on diabetes-related complications.

Rabdomiólisis hiponatrémica en enfermedad de Addison en niño con síndrome poliglandular autoinmune tipo 2 / Hyponatremic rhabdomyolysis in Addison's disease in a child with autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 2

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Tasa estimada de disposición de glucosa en pacientes menores de 18 años con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 y sobrepeso-obesidad / Estimated glucose disposal rate in patients under 18 years of age with type 1 diabetes mellitus and overweight or obesity

Objetivo Comparar la tasa estimada de disposición de glucosa (TeDG), la dosis de insulina y el perfil lipoproteico en niños con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1) y sobrepeso-obesidad frente a niños con DM1 de peso normal. Métodos Se seleccionaron 115 pacientes (5-16 años) con DM1 e insulinoterapia intensiva. Se determinaron: peso, talla, índice de masa corporal, perímetro abdominal y de cadera, dosis de insulina, hemoglobina glucosilada, presión arterial y perfil lipoproteico. Los resultados se estratificaron por sexo y edad. Resultados No se encontraron diferencias en la TeDG entre los pacientes con peso normal, sobrepeso y obesidad. No obstante, los niños obesos mayores de 11 años mostraron valores inferiores en la TeDG (9,3 ± 1,3 vs 10,1 ± 0,8 mg kg-1min; p < 0,01). Los niños con obesidad y sobrepeso precisaban dosis de insulina superiores a aquellos con peso normal, especialmente en UI/m2/día (37,7 vs 36,1 vs 29,4, respectivamente; p < 0,007). Los niños con obesidad presentaban concentraciones de colesterol de las lipoproteínas de baja densidad superiores a aquellos con sobrepeso y peso normal (106,5 vs 91,7 vs 91,5 mg/dl, respectivamente; p < 0,01). Asimismo, no se encontró correlación entre el perímetro abdominal y los distintos marcadores de resistencia a la insulina. Conclusiones La TeDG es inferior en niños obesos mayores de 11 años con DM1, por lo que podría considerarse como un marcador de resistencia a la insulina. Las necesidades de insulina son mayores en pacientes con sobrepeso-obesidad, especialmente cuando se cuantifican en UI/m2/día. Los pacientes obesos con DM1 presentan un perfil lipoproteico de riesgo cardiovascular (AU)

Objective To assess the estimated glucose disposal rate (eGDR), insulin dose, and lipoprotein profile in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and overweight or obesity as compared to children with T1DM and normal weight. Methods A total of 115 patients (aged 5-16 years) with T1DM on intensive insulin therapy were recruited. The following parameters were measured: weight, height, body mass index, waist and hip circumference, insulin dose, eGDR, glycosylated hemoglobin, blood pressure, and lipoprotein profile. Results were stratified by sex and age. Results No significant differences were found in eGDR between children with normal weight, overweight, and obesity. However, obese children older than 11 years had lower eGDR values (9.3 ± 1.3 vs 10.1 ± 0.8 mg kg-1min-1; p < 0.01). Insulin dose was higher in overweight and obese children, especially in IU/m2/day (37.7 vs 36.1 vs 29.4 respectively; p < 0.01). Obese children had higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels than children with overweight and normal weight (106.5 vs 91.7 vs 91.5 mg/dL respectively; p < 0.01). No correlation was found between waist circumference and the different markers of insulin resistance. Conclusions Values of eGDR values were lower in obese children with T1DM older than 11 years, and this may therefore be considered a marker of insulin resistance. Insulin dose was higher in diabetic patients with overweight or obesity, specially in IU/m2/day. Obese children with T1DM had a lipoprotein profile of cardiovascular risk. (AU)

[Estimated glucose disposal rate in patients under 18 years of age with type 1 diabetes mellitus and overweight or obesity]. / Tasa estimada de disposición de glucosa en pacientes menores de 18 años con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 y sobrepeso-obesidad.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the estimated glucose disposal rate (eGDR), insulin dose, and lipoprotein profile in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and overweight or obesity as compared to children with T1DM and normal weight. METHODS: A total of 115 patients (aged 5-16 years) with T1DM on intensive insulin therapy were recruited. The following parameters were measured: weight, height, body mass index, waist and hip circumference, insulin dose, eGDR, glycosylated hemoglobin, blood pressure, and lipoprotein profile. Results were stratified by sex and age. RESULTS: No significant differences were found in eGDR between children with normal weight, overweight, and obesity. However, obese children older than 11 years had lower eGDR values (9.3±1.3 vs 10.1±0.8 mg kg(-1)min(-1); p<0.01). Insulin dose was higher in overweight and obese children, especially in IU/m2/day (37.7 vs 36.1 vs. 29.4 respectively; p<0.01). Obese children had higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels than children with overweight and normal weight (106.5 vs 91.7 vs 91.5mg/dL respectively; p<0.01). No correlation was found between waist circumference and the different markers of insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS: Values of eGDR values were lower in obese children with T1DM older than 11 years, and this may therefore be considered a marker of insulin resistance. Insulin dose was higher in diabetic patients with overweight or obesity, specially in IU/m2/day. Obese children with T1DM had a lipoprotein profile of cardiovascular risk.